The task is to print all case permutations of letters from strings that can include digits and letters. For example, a1b becomes a1b, a1B, A1b, A1B.
The trick here is to realize that there are 2^n possible permutations where n is the number of characters, excluding digits.
To find the exact element or the next element that is greater than the target, use the following code. This algorithm returns an invalid index if the element that is searched for is greater than the greatest element in the array. This needs to be manually checked with s(items, target) == len(items).
def s(items, target):
l = 0
r = len(items)
m = (l + r) // 2
while l < r:
if items[m] == target:
return m
elif items[m] <= target:
l = m + 1
elif items[m] > target:
r = m
m = (l + r) // 2
return m
l = [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,20,30,40,50]
targets = [0, 3, 4, 11, 12, 20, 30, 38]
for target in targets:
idx = s(l, target)
print(f"[{target:02}] Index: {idx} => {l[idx]}")return m - 1 instead. In the smallest case this will return -1 which means that the element searched for is smaller than the smallest on in the list. The resulting code looks like this:
def s(items, target):
l = 0
r = len(items)
m = (l+r) // 2
while l < r:
if items[m] == target:
return m
elif items[m] <= target:
l = m + 1
elif items[m] > target:
r = m
m = (l+r) // 2
return m - 1
The hash method in python produces different results for the same object on each different Python run. This is meant as a security feature to prevent predictable hash values. For testing, this can be disabled by setting the environment variable PYTHONHASHSEED to 0. The hash value for a given key will then always be the same.
PYTHONHASHSEED=0 python script.py
OpenAI just reduced their prices, starting September 1 2022 on midnight UTC. For the DaVinci model, the price is cut by around two thirds.
| Model | Before | On Sept 1 |
|---|---|---|
| Davinci | $0.06 / 1k tokens | $0.02 / 1k tokens |
| Curie | $0.006 / 1k tokens | $0.002 / 1k tokens |
| Babbage | $0.0012 / 1k tokens | $0.0005 / 1k tokens |
| Ada | $0.0008 / 1k tokens | $0.0004 / 1k tokens |
| Davinci Embeddings | $0.6 / 1k tokens | $0.2 / 1k tokens |
| Curie Embeddings | $0.06 / 1k tokens | $0.02 / 1k tokens |
| Babbage Embeddings | $0.012 / 1k tokens | $0.005 / 1k tokens |
| Ada Embeddings | $0.008 / 1k tokens | $0.004 / 1k tokens |
I am using Sidekiq for background processing for my website Every Podcast. One of the background jobs is loading new episodes from known feeds. Because this relies on external resources, many things that are out of my control can go wrong. To isolate the individual fetch and potential errors, I automatically create a job for every single podcast update. This obviously leads to a lot of jobs. Sidekiq comes with a UI that allows me to monitor the job queue, find dead jobs and see the throughput.